Who proposed the patchy forest hypothesis?
Peter Rodman and Henry McHenry's Patchy Forest Hypothesis i. Human origins and bipedalism related to the greater efficiency in some habitats of moving on two limbs rather than four. ii. Bipedalism arose in areas where forests were fragmented and food resources also became scattered.
Which of the following is true about the patchy forest hypothesis?
Which of the following statements best characterize the patchy forest hypothesis? Correct Answer(s) : Some forests became patchy, requiring greater distances to be travelled between food sources.
What was Ardi’s mode of locomotion quizlet?
Ardi's intermediate form of bipedality included the use of: palms and feet to move along tree branches. Ecological evidence from the site where Ardi was found shows that: early hominins lived in a forest.
What are robust australopithecines also called?
boisei are also referred to as “robust” australopiths. In addition to a well-developed skull crest for the attachment of the temporalis (or temporal muscle, which is used in chewing), other specializations for strong chewing include huge cheek teeth, massive jaws, and powerfully built cheekbones that project forward.
What is the provisioning hypothesis for bipedalism?
Traveling bipedally freed up hands for carrying provisions and the early hominins could have easily fed from both terrestrial and arboreal resources. The provisioning hypothesis states that having hands free to carry food allowed males to provision females and offspring.
Who proposed the savanna hypothesis?
Cole (1986) proposed a savanna terminology differentiating among savanna woodland (woodland of tall trees with a grassy substrate and widely spaced trees (trees not occurring within the diameter of the canopy of other trees)); savanna parkland (tall grasses with scattered low trees); savanna grassland; low tree savanna …
Why is the savanna hypothesis wrong?
Critics of the hypothesis often saw the savannah as open grasslands with sporadic tree growth. However, savannas can have a high tree density and can also be humid. The big difference between savannas and forests is the lack of grasses in the latter.
Which of the following is a derived trait of Sahelanthropus tchadensis quizlet?
Which of the following is a derived trait of Sahelanthropus tchadensis? choppers, cobbles, flakes, and bone tools. What is the earliest date associated with Homo erectus fossils in Asia?
How do we know orrorin Tugenensis was bipedal?
The most important fossil of this species is an upper femur, showing evidence of bone buildup typical of a biped – so Orrorin tugenensis individuals climbed trees but also probably walked upright with two legs on the ground.
What is the difference between robust and gracile australopithecines?
Gracile refers to any member of the species, belonging to the genus Australopithecus with relatively a lighter build, especially in the skull and teeth, but robust refers to the species of the genus Australopithecus, especially belonging to the contested genus, Paranthropus.
How did robust australopithecines differ from earlier australopithecines?
How did robust australopithecines differ from earlier australopithecines? Robust australopithecines had smaller front teeth. How do humans differ from apes? Humans use spoken language.
What is the provisioning hypothesis?
Here, we propose the "Paternal Provisioning Hypothesis," which predicts that men's skeletal muscle is less dependent on the effects of androgens than that of other primates, and more sensitive to the physical demands of men's work.
What was Darwin’s hypothesis about the origin of bipedalism?
The first bipedalism origin hypothesis was that of Charles Darwin. Although some few human fossils had been discovered in his lifetime, Darwin never mentioned them. Rather, he compared living humans to apes, and suggested our enormous brains and upright locomotion were linked.
What is the savanna hypothesis quizlet?
The Savannah hypothesis argues that bipedalism was selectively favored as open grassland, or "Savannah" environments emerged in Africa. -those who were bipedal were able to move into theses new environments because their adaptations facilitated life in the grassland.
Why is the savannah hypothesis?
The savannah hypothesis (or savanna hypothesis) is a hypothesis that human bipedalism evolved as a direct result of human ancestors' transition from an arboreal lifestyle to one on the savannas.
Which is a derived trait from Sahelanthropus tchadensis?
Sahelanthropus tchadensis has two defining human anatomical traits: 1) small canine teeth, and 2) walking upright on two legs instead of on four legs.
Which of the following is an adaptive trait of bipedalism?
Adaptations to bipedalism include “stacking” the majority of the weight of the body over a small area around the center of gravity (i.e., the head is above the chest, which is above the pelvis, which is over the knees, which is above the feet).
Why is Orrorin tugenensis hypothesized to be a hominin?
tugenensis appears to have developed bipedalism 6 million years ago. O. tugenensis shares an early hominin feature in which their iliac blade is flared to help counter the torque of their body weight, this shows that they adapted bipedalism around 6 MYA. These features are shared with many species of Australopithecus.
What is the physical biological characteristics of Orrorin tugenensis?
Key physical features The femur was different from that of modern humans, fossil Homo and living apes and most closely resembled australopithecines that lived three to four million years ago. some features of the leg bones are found in non-bipedal primates, suggesting that this species may not be bipedal.
What are the major differences between robust and gracile australopithecines What does this say about diet?
Furthermore, gracile species were frugivores that lacked heavy vegetation, but robust species were herbivores that consumed heavy, gritty vegetation. Generally, gracile and robust are two terms commonly used to describe different species of the extinct genus Australopithecus.
Why are australopithecines referred to as robust because?
Some australopithecines are referred to as "robust" because: they possessed very large molar teeth and chewing muscles.
What is the savannah hypothesis and how does it explain the development of hominin bipedalism?
The savannah hypothesis (or savanna hypothesis) is a hypothesis that human bipedalism evolved as a direct result of human ancestors' transition from an arboreal lifestyle to one on the savannas.
What are the hypothesis of bipedalism?
The most accepted of the bipedalism hypotheses is the idea that humans began walking on two feet instead of four in order to free their hands to do other tasks. Primates had already adapted the opposable thumb on their forelimbs before bipedalism happened.
What was the significance of the discovery of Sahelanthropus tchadensis?
Before 2001, early humans in Africa had only been found in the Great Rift Valley in East Africa and sites in South Africa, so the discovery of Sahelanthropus fossils in West-Central Africa shows that the earliest humans were more widely distributed than previously thought.
Why was the fossil Sahelanthropus tchadensis significant to our understanding of primate evolution?
tchadensis has numerous derived hominin features and is therefore the oldest known human ancestor after the split of the human line from that of the chimpanzees. If the remains are from a direct human ancestor, then the status of the australopithecine group as human ancestors is questioned.
What are 3 traits that enable bipedalism?
Bipedal Trends in Early Hominins Trends include a larger, more robust hallux; a more compact foot, with an arch; a robust, long femur, angled at the knee; a robust tibia; a bowl-shaped pelvis; and a more anterior foramen magnum.
Why is Orrorin tugenensis important?
Orrorin tugenensis is significant in the origins of human evolution because it can be classified as an early bipedal hominin. (Haviland et al. 2007). The name was given by Brigitte Senut and Martin Pickford, who found the Orrorin tugenensis fossils in the Tugen Hills of Kenya in 2000.
Which attribute of the fossil specimens of Orrorin tugenensis provides the best evidence that it was bipedal?
The most important fossil of this species is an upper femur, showing evidence of bone buildup typical of a biped – so Orrorin tugenensis individuals climbed trees but also probably walked upright with two legs on the ground.
What is gracile and robust?
In the case of australopiths, “gracile” and “robust” refer to the relative size of the jaws, teeth and chewing muscles (all contributing to the “masticatory apparatus”). Traditionally, graciles include the ≥2 million year old Australopithecus afarensis and africanus, and robusts include the later A.
What is a feature of robust Australopiths?
They are characterized by several features of the skull that give them a "robust" appearance when compared to other, more gracile hominins. The most notable of these features are large, thickly enameled, postcanine teeth that were supported by deep and broad mandibular corpora with tall and broad rami (Fig. 1).